Poor results in a special study have prompted the US Insurance Institute of Highway Safety to consider instituting a passenger-side rating as part of its Top Safety Pick criteria.
"This is an important aspect of occupant protection that needs more attention," said Becky Mueller, an IIHS senior research engineer and the lead author of the study. "More than 1,600 right-front passengers died in frontal crashes in 2014."
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IIHS introduced the small overlap test in 2012 following the success of the moderate overlap front test in spurring automakers to make improvements. While the moderate overlap test involves 40% of the width of the vehicle, the small overlap test involves just 25%. It is designed to replicate what happens when the front corner of a vehicle collides with another vehicle or an object like a tree or utility pole.
Small overlap crashes pose a challenge because they bypass a typical vehicle's main front structure. Since the test was introduced, 13 manufacturers have made structural changes to 97 vehicles. Of these, nearly three-quarters earned a good rating after the changes.
IIHS conducts its tests for frontal ratings with a driver dummy and with the barrier overlapping the driver side because there isn't always a front seat passenger.
"It's not surprising that automakers would focus their initial efforts to improve small overlap protection on the side of the vehicle that we conduct the tests on," said David Zuby, IIHS executive vice president and chief research officer. "In fact, we encouraged them to do that in the short term if it meant they could quickly make driver-side improvements to more vehicles. As time goes by, though, we would hope they ensure similar levels of protection on both sides."
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By GlobalDataThe recent passenger-side tests show how big the differences can be. In this group of small SUVs, most didn't perform as well when they were crashed into a barrier on the right side instead of the left. That was even true of models that appeared symmetrical after removing bumper covers and other external components.
"When structural improvements are visible only on the driver side, there are large differences in performance," Mueller says. "But the inverse is not true. Some vehicle structures look the same on both sides, but they don't perform the same. That's why we can't rely on visual analysis but need to monitor this issue and possibly begin rating vehicles for passenger-side protection."
The 2015 Toyota RAV4 and the 2014 Nissan Rogue were the only vehicles to appear asymmetrical. In the passenger-side test, the RAV4 was the worst performer. If the Institute issued ratings for passenger-side protection, the RAV4 would earn a poor rating. The Rogue would earn a marginal.
These two vehicles had the highest amount of passenger-side intrusion. Intrusion measures are important because they indicate how well the structure held up, the greater the amount of intrusion, the higher the likelihood of serious injuries.
Maximum intrusion in the passenger-side test was 13'' more than in the driver-side test for the RAV4 and 10'' more for the Rogue. The Rogue's door hinge pillar was torn off completely, and the RAV4's door opened. In a real crash, an open door would leave the occupant at risk of ejection.
Two vehicles that appeared symmetrical, the 2014 Subaru Forester and the 2015 Mazda CX-5, also had substantially more intrusion in the passenger-side test than in the driver-side test.
In earlier research, Mueller found that the most common change manufacturers make to improve vehicle structure for small overlap protection is to strengthen the occupant compartment. To do this, they might use a different type of material or add a few millimetres of thickness – changes that can't be discerned from a visual examination. It's likely these types of modifications were made to the Forester and CX-5, but only on the driver side.
The other three vehicles tested had relatively similar structural performance on both sides of the vehicle. The small differences that were observed could have been caused by normal variability in test results. Another factor is that vehicles are to a certain extent inherently asymmetrical. For example, structures to secure the steering wheel and pedals may provide additional bracing around the driver-side toe-pan, which prevents some intrusion.
In addition to the seven passenger-side small overlap tests, Institute engineers conducted two passenger-side moderate overlap tests to make sure there weren't any differences in performance in that type of crash. One visually symmetrical vehicle, the 2015 Honda CR-V, and one asymmetrical vehicle, the RAV4, were chosen for these tests. There was little difference from the driver-side moderate overlap tests, and both vehicles would receive a good passenger-side moderate overlap rating.
"We conducted the moderate overlap tests as a spot check, and we weren't surprised that both vehicles performed well," Mueller said. "Many of today's models are designed for the global market and are subject to driver-side moderate overlap tests in right-hand-drive countries. With small overlap, there isn't the same incentive for symmetrical design because we're the only organisation conducting the test."
IIHS passenger-side small overlap ratings would remedy that situation. The institute could start such a programme next year and make it a requirement for one of its safety awards as early as 2018.
Small overlap front ratings for small US-market SUVs
- 2016 Hyundai Tucson: Driver-side rating – Good; Provisional passenger-side rating – Good
- 2015 Buick Encore: Driver-side rating – Good; Provisional passenger-side rating – Acceptable
- 2015 Honda CR-V: Driver-side rating – Good; Provisional passenger-side rating – Acceptable
- 2015 Mazda CX-5: Driver-side rating – Good; Provisional passenger-side rating – Acceptable
- 2014 Nissan Rogue: Driver-side rating – Good; Provisional passenger-side rating – Marginal
- 2014 Subaru Forester: Driver-side rating – Good; Provisional passenger-side rating – Marginal
- 2015 Toyota RAV4: Driver-side rating – Good; Provisional passenger-side rating – Poor
